In a groundbreaking discovery, astronomers have identified a fourth “super puff” planet orbiting the Sun-like yellow dwarf star Kepler-51, adding to a unique category of celestial bodies with densities so low they are often compared to cotton candy.

The initial discovery of Kepler-51’s three super puff planets in 2012 had already perplexed scientists. These planets—Kepler-51b, Kepler-51c, and Kepler-51d—were determined in 2019 to have densities of less than 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter. Now, a newly detected fourth planet designated Kepler-51e, deepens the mystery surrounding this planetary system.

A puzzling planetary system

Jessica Libby-Roberts, a planetary scientist at Pennsylvania State University, described the findings as an unprecedented challenge. “Super puff planets are fairly rare, and when they do occur, they tend to be the only ones in a planetary system,” she said. “If trying to explain how three super puffs formed in one system wasn’t challenging enough, now we have to explain a fourth planet, whether it’s a super puff or not. And we can’t rule out additional planets in the system either.”

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The discovery of Kepler-51’s super puffs initially came from measurements of their radii and masses, obtained through data collected by NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope. These measurements highlighted their extraordinarily low densities, sparking intrigue and speculation among the scientific community.

Unveiling the fourth planet

The recent detection of Kepler-51e was made possible through meticulous observations. A team of astronomers, co-led by Libby-Roberts and Kento Masuda of Osaka University, employed data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and ground-based telescopes to analyze transit timings. Their findings revealed irregularities suggesting the presence of an additional planet in the system.

Masuda explained the process: “We conducted what is called a ‘brute force’ search, testing out many different combinations of planet properties to find the four-planet model that explains all of the transit data gathered over the past 14 years.”

The team concluded that Kepler-51e likely has a mass comparable to its planetary siblings and follows a nearly circular orbit of about 264 days. “Other possible solutions involve a more massive planet on a wider orbit, though we think these are less likely,” Masuda added.

A cosmic enigma continues

The addition of Kepler-51e to this already enigmatic system raises more questions than it answers. What conditions allow multiple super puff planets to coexist within the same orbiting star? How do these extraordinarily low-density worlds form and maintain their structure?

As scientists continue to study Kepler-51, the findings are expected to provide valuable insights into planetary formation and the dynamics of exoplanetary systems. For now, the discovery of Kepler-51e represents a fascinating expansion of our understanding of the cosmos and the peculiar worlds it holds.