Captured in a dramatic US military raid and now held in a Brooklyn federal jail, former Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro could face the death penalty if convicted on sweeping drug-trafficking and narco-terrorism charges in the United States.

Maduro was taken into custody at his presidential palace in Caracas and flown to New York, where he is currently detained at the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn. He is expected to be arraigned Monday in Manhattan federal court on a four-count indictment that could carry life imprisonment or, in a rare scenario, capital punishment.

What charges is Maduro facing?

Federal prosecutors have charged Maduro under a new indictment that expands on a 2020 case accusing senior Venezuelan leaders of running a state-backed drug operation.

The charges include:

• Narco-terrorism conspiracy
• Cocaine importation conspiracy
• Participation in a continuing criminal enterprise
• Two counts related to possession of machine guns

Under US federal law, violations of the Controlled Substances Act committed as part of a continuing criminal enterprise can, in limited circumstances, be eligible for the death penalty.

According to the Library of Congress, federal capital offenses fall into three broad categories: homicide, treason or espionage, and certain drug crimes that do not necessarily involve murder.

How likely is the death penalty in a drug case?

While the statute allows for capital punishment, legal experts note that death sentences in federal drug cases are extremely rare.

Most federal death penalty cases involve homicide. The Library of Congress notes that more defendants are sentenced to death for murder than for all other federal capital crimes combined. Historically, US courts have been reluctant to seek or impose the death penalty solely for drug offenses, even in high-profile cases.

If convicted, Maduro is far more likely to face life imprisonment than execution, though prosecutors have not publicly ruled out any sentencing options.

Where is Maduro being held now?

Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores, are currently being held at the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn, a federal facility that houses high-risk and high-profile defendants. Images published by US media show Maduro being escorted by Drug Enforcement Administration agents at DEA headquarters in Manhattan shortly after his arrival.

He is expected to make his first appearance at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse at Foley Square, where the case will be heard.

What has the US government said?

US Attorney General Pam Bondi said in a post on X that Maduro and Flores would soon face “the full wrath of American justice on American soil in American courts.” She did not specify what sentence the Justice Department would seek if Maduro is convicted.

A spokesperson for the US Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York declined to comment on sentencing when contacted by media outlets.

How does this compare to past US actions?

Trump’s decision to order a raid to capture Maduro has drawn comparisons to the 1989 US invasion of Panama, when American forces seized former leader Manuel Noriega on the orders of President George H. W. Bush. Noriega was later tried in the United States and sentenced to decades in prison, rather than facing execution.

That precedent suggests the US may again opt for imprisonment over capital punishment, even in a case as politically charged as Maduro’s.

What happens next?

Maduro has been assigned a court-appointed defense attorney, meaning the US government will cover his legal costs. Pretrial proceedings are expected to focus on jurisdiction, the legality of his capture, and whether evidence gathered over years of investigation meets federal standards.

As the case moves forward, it is likely to become one of the most consequential international criminal prosecutions in modern US history, with implications not just for Venezuela but for how the United States pursues foreign leaders accused of transnational crimes.