On April 28, 2025, a massive power outage plunged Spain, Portugal, and parts of southwestern France into darkness, disrupting daily life for millions. The blackout, one of the most extensive in recent European history, began around 12:30 p.m. local time and lasted for several hours in many areas.

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Initial reports and immediate impacts

Red Eléctrica de España (REE), Spain’s national grid operator, reported that the outage resulted from a sudden loss of 15 gigawatts of electricity, approximately 60% of the country’s demand. This abrupt drop led to a phenomenon referred to as “el cero,” or “the zero,” causing widespread disconnections across the Iberian Peninsula.

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The blackout halted public transportation—including trains and subways in major cities like Madrid and Lisbon—stranded commuters, and disrupted essential services. Hospitals activated emergency protocols, while electronic payment systems failed, affecting commerce and daily transactions.

Investigating the cause

While the exact cause remains under investigation, REE identified two significant disconnection events, likely originating from solar power plants in southwestern Spain. These incidents caused instability in the electric system, leading to a breakdown of its interconnection with France.

The Spanish government has convened an emergency meeting to address the crisis. Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez emphasized the need for a thorough investigation to determine the root cause and prevent future occurrences.

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Role of renewable energy

Spain’s increasing reliance on renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, has been a point of pride and progress. However, the integration of these intermittent energy sources poses challenges for grid stability. Experts suggest that the high penetration of renewables without adequate backup systems may have contributed to the grid’s vulnerability during the incident.

International response and future measures

The European Commission has announced a formal investigation into the blackout, aiming to assess the resilience of the continent’s energy infrastructure. Portugal’s government has also requested an independent audit to evaluate the incident’s impact and underlying causes.

As power is restored and normalcy returns, authorities across the affected regions are focusing on strengthening the grid’s robustness, especially in the face of increasing renewable energy integration.

The incident serves as a stark reminder of the complexities involved in transitioning to sustainable energy sources while ensuring a reliable power supply.

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