Scientists identify rare parasitic fungus affecting cave-dwelling spiders

A newly discovered fungus that turns spiders into so-called “zombie spiders” has been found in several cave systems across Ireland, raising intriguing questions about parasitic fungi and their impact on the natural world.

The fungus that manipulates its host

First identified in County Down in 2021 during the filming of BBC Winterwatch, the fungus, Gibellula attenboroughii, was named after renowned naturalist Sir David Attenborough. Scientists have now confirmed its presence in caves such as the Whitefathers’ Caves along the Fermanagh/Cavan border.

The fungus infects spiders, altering their behavior and causing them to leave their webs or hidden lairs to die in exposed positions on cave walls or ceilings. Researchers believe it manipulates the spider’s nervous system using dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and motivation, effectively forcing the host to prioritize fungal spore dispersal over its own survival.

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Parallels to ‘zombie ants’ and pop culture connections

The phenomenon bears striking similarities to the well-documented Ophiocordyceps fungus, which infects ants in the Brazilian rainforest, leading them to exhibit zombie-like behavior before dying and releasing spores to spread the infection.

The concept of a mind-controlling fungus has fascinated scientists and storytellers alike. The infamous “zombie ant” fungus served as inspiration for the critically acclaimed video game The Last of Us, which was later adapted into an award-winning television series starring Pedro Pascal and Bella Ramsey.

Scientific investigation and ongoing research

Following the initial discovery of Gibellula attenboroughii at Castle Espie in County Down, a team of scientists led by Dr. Harry Evans from the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI) expanded their research. Working alongside speleologists—cave exploration experts—they uncovered further evidence of the fungus infecting two native spider species: Metellina merianae and Meta menardi. These reclusive orb-weaving spiders thrive in the damp, dark environments of cave systems.

Notably, researchers observed that the fungus appears to favor man-made structures such as tunnels, cellars, and culverts, further expanding its potential habitat beyond natural caves.

Future research and implications

Dr. Evans’ team has published their findings in the journal Fungal Systematics and Evolution, highlighting the need for further research to understand the mechanisms behind the fungus’s ability to control its host.

Despite the eerie nature of these discoveries, scientists assure the public that humans have nothing to fear—at least for now.