Experts discuss rising infections and measures to mitigate risks

As the U.S. faces increasing infections from human metapneumovirus (HMPV), bird flu, and norovirus, health experts are closely monitoring the trends and urging the public to remain cautious. These three viruses, alongside the usual winter threats like influenza, COVID-19, and RSV, contribute to growing public health concerns.

The growing threat of three viruses

Bird flu (H5N1) has crossed the species barrier, infecting humans in the U.S., while HMPV cases surged in China. Norovirus, a gastrointestinal virus, is experiencing its highest seasonal levels in over a decade, according to the CDC.

While most infections remain mild, these viruses collectively cause thousands of deaths each year. Experts emphasize vigilance, particularly as these outbreaks coincide with the typical winter spike in respiratory illnesses.

“No need for significant concern,” says expert

“There is usually an uptick in respiratory infections in the winter months. This year is no exception,” said Dr. Jatin Vyas, infectious disease professor at Columbia University Medical School. He noted that individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions are at greater risk but reassured the general public not to panic.

Dr. J. Ken Wickiser from Columbia University Irving Medical Center agreed, saying, “For the average person, we are not especially concerned about any one single pathogen circulating in the U.S. at this time.”

Bird flu: A potential mutation risk?

H5N1 bird flu has caused 66 human infections in 2024, primarily linked to infected cattle and poultry farms. Despite no evidence of human-to-human transmission, experts warn of the virus’s potential to mutate, increasing its transmissibility.

Since January 2022, bird flu outbreaks have impacted all 50 states, with over 1.29 million birds affected.

HMPV: A rising concern without a vaccine

HMPV, primarily reported in China, lacks an available vaccine or treatment. Symptoms include cough, fever, and nasal congestion, which can escalate to severe respiratory illnesses like pneumonia in vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.

The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed a seasonal increase in HMPV cases, consistent with typical Northern Hemisphere winter trends.

Norovirus: Leading cause of foodborne illness

The CDC reported a sharp rise in norovirus outbreaks, with 91 cases in early December, significantly higher than previous years. This highly contagious virus causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, leading to an average of 900 deaths and 109,000 hospitalizations annually in the U.S.

“Dehydration is a major concern for at-risk groups such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals,” health experts warned.

Impact on the healthcare system

Experts highlighted how an increase in infections could strain the already burdened U.S. medical system. Dr. Saskia Popescu from the University of Maryland School of Medicine explained, “An influx of infectious patients stresses hospital staffing and resources, increasing the risk of further spread.”

Dr. Vyas said, “Our hospitals typically run at capacity, so it doesn’t take much to strain the system.”

Prevention remains key

Health officials recommend vaccination, proper hand-washing, and avoiding contact with contaminated food or sick individuals to reduce the spread of infections.

“Infection prevention methods work,” said Dr. Popescu, emphasizing hand hygiene and surface disinfection. She urged the public to stay informed about risk factors, particularly for bird flu, which includes avoiding raw milk and direct contact with infected animals.

Dr. William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University added, “Vaccines are crucial for preventing severe disease. If you haven’t gotten vaccinated, do so immediately.”

Could another pandemic arise?

Despite concerns, experts believe another pandemic is unlikely. “Based on current data, I do not see the elements of an upcoming pandemic,” said Dr. Vyas. He emphasized vigilance among public health professionals to detect any changes in risks.

Dr. Wickiser reassured the public, saying, “By following standard guidelines—getting vaccinated, washing hands, and isolating when sick—this will likely be an average year for infectious diseases.”

Public anxiety persists

Public trust in health systems remains fragile. Dr. Popescu acknowledged this, stating, “With a pandemic-fatigued public and limited trust in science, we’re in a vulnerable position. Vigilance and clear communication are crucial.”

What lies ahead

The CDC continues to monitor these infections and is working with international partners to provide timely updates. Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra affirmed the nation’s readiness, stating, “Preparedness is key to keeping Americans healthy and our country safe.”

As cases climb, the focus remains on prevention and public awareness to mitigate risks and avoid further strain on the healthcare system.