Hayat Tahrir al-Sham: The Militant Group Behind Syria’s Sudden Regime Collapse

In a stunning turn of events that has shocked the international community, Syria‘s long-standing regime of President Bashar al-Assad has fallen after a swift and unexpected military offensive led by the Islamist militant group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS).

The rebellion unfolded unprecedentedly, with HTS capturing over 50 towns and villages before dramatically storming into Damascus on Sunday, December 8th. This decisive military campaign effectively ended Assad’s 24-year authoritarian rule in just two weeks.

The complex origins of HTS

Emerging from the shadows of al-Qaeda-affiliated Jabhat al-Nusra, HTS represents a complex political and military entity with deep roots in Syria’s prolonged conflict. “Hayat Tahrir al-Sham” translates to “Organisation for the Liberation of the Levant”—a” name that encapsulates the group’s revolutionary ambitions.

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Despite its successful military campaign, HTS remains classified as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, the United States, Turkey, and multiple international bodies. This designation underscores the controversial nature of the group’s ideology and methods.

Leadership and ideological foundations

Led by Abu Mohammed al-Golani, a former Jabhat al-Nusra leader, HTS adheres to a strict Salafi-jihadist ideology. The group’s primary objective has consistently been the overthrow of Assad’s government and the establishment of an Islamic state.

Remarkably, HTS has not merely been a military organization but a quasi-governmental entity. The group has effectively administered the north-western Idlib province through the Syrian Salvation Government (SSG). Their governance includes providing essential services to nearly four million residents and controlling critical infrastructure, including the strategically important Bab al-Hawa border crossing with Turkey.

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Ideological evolution

The group’s transformation is noteworthy. Initially aligned with the Free Syrian Army during the uprising against Assad, HTS’s rigid ideological stance eventually isolated it from other rebel factions. In 2016, the group publicly broke ties with Al Qaeda, signaling a potentially strategic rebranding.

The sudden collapse of Assad’s regime raises critical questions about Syria’s political future, regional stability, and the potential power vacuum that might emerge in the wake of this unexpected rebellion.

Controversial lineage

Intriguingly, the Islamic State (IS) group’s former leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was involved in HTS’s initial formation, adding another layer of complexity to the group’s origins.

As the international community grapples with these seismic developments, the future of Syria remains uncertain. The HTS offensive has dramatically reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East.

“The organization has always aimed at toppling the government and establishing Islamic rule,” analysts note, highlighting the group’s unwavering strategic objective.

The world watches with bated breath as Syria enters an unprecedented chapter in its tumultuous modern history.