A massive ash plume from Ethiopia’s Hayli Gubbi volcanic eruption, which occurred for the first time in thousands of years, is now drifting toward northwest India. Meteorological agencies have confirmed that high-altitude winds are steering the plume across Central Asia, with its outer edges expected to reach Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi-NCR, and Punjab late Monday night.

What is happening with the Ethiopian volcanic ash cloud?

The Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia’s Afar region erupted on Sunday, sending a massive plume of ash and sulphur-rich gases 10–15 kilometers into the atmosphere. This is high enough for the plume to enter global circulation patterns and travel thousands of kilometers.

Photographs released by the Afar Government Communication Bureau show a towering column of ash rising from the crater, marking the volcano’s first major eruption in millennia.

Meteorological agencies and satellite models have tracked the plume as it moved across the Red Sea, the Arabian Peninsula, and into Central Asia. By Monday afternoon, early effects on flight paths were already observed in Indian airspace.

Which Indian regions will be affected by the ash plume?

According to Indian meteorological experts, the outer bands of the plume will first enter Gujarat before drifting toward:

• Rajasthan
• Delhi and NCR
• Haryana
• Punjab

These areas lie in the expected path of the fast-moving plume as it travels eastward.

Flight operations have already begun to experience mild disruptions over western India. Aviation authorities expect Tuesday to see greater operational challenges.

Why the ash is mainly a threat to aviation, not people on the ground

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) clarified that the volcanic debris is currently located in the upper layers of the atmosphere, far above the breathing zone.

What the plume contains

• Volcanic ash
• Sulphur dioxide
• Fine rock and mineral particles
• Microscopic glass-like shards

At cruising altitude, these particles pose a serious hazard to aircraft engines and avionics systems, which is why flight disruptions occur even when the plume does not affect ground-level air quality.

IMD Director General M. Mohapatra noted that residents are unlikely to see dramatic changes near the surface. He said the sky may appear hazier or more overcast than usual for a few hours as the plume passes overhead.

Will the ash affect temperature or air quality in Indian cities?

As of Monday evening, IMD expects only minor changes in weather conditions.

Temperature

High-altitude ash behaves similarly to thin cloud cover. It insulates the atmosphere slightly, trapping heat at night. Mohapatra said:

• Minimum temperatures may rise marginally
• Any change will be temporary
• The effect will last only a few hours as the plume moves eastward

Air quality

IMD says significant ground-level effects are unlikely because the ash is at higher altitudes. However, there is still uncertainty. If a portion of the plume sinks or mixes downward, it could worsen air quality in cities already struggling with pollution.

This is especially concerning because Delhi-NCR was already on the brink of the “severe” category on Monday:

• Delhi AQI: 382
• Ghaziabad: 396
• Noida: 397
• Greater Noida: 382
• Faridabad: 232

If additional particulates descend, even slightly, the region could see short-term spikes into the severe zone.

How Indian aviation is responding to the volcanic ash threat

Volcanic ash is among the most dangerous hazards for aircraft. Even small amounts can melt in engines, damage turbines, and cause engine failure. Because of this, airlines often reroute or cancel flights even when ash remains invisible from the ground.

How airlines are adjusting

• Flights are being rerouted through Pakistan’s airspace
• Several Monday flights were cancelled preemptively
• Tuesday is expected to see wider disruptions

A Mumbai airport official confirmed changes in routing patterns to avoid the affected corridor between Ethiopia and northwest India.

Another aviation official told HT that if the ash settles over Delhi or Jaipur by Tuesday, “Indian aviation is expected to be impacted severely.”

Why volcanic ash disrupts aviation

• It reduces visibility
• It abrades cockpit windows
• It clogs fuel and ventilation systems
• It melts inside jet engines, forming glassy deposits

This is why even small traces at high altitude can cause wide-area flight suspensions.

How long will the volcanic ash impact Indian skies?

Meteorological experts currently expect:

• The plume to pass over northwest India within hours
• Impacts to be short-lived
• Flight disruptions through Monday night and Tuesday morning
• No major impact on surface-level visibility

However, the exact timeline depends on wind speed, plume density, and atmospheric stability. Volcanic plumes can behave unpredictably, splitting into multiple layers or spreading out across continents.

Could this worsen India’s winter pollution crisis?

Delhi-NCR and north India are already battling one of the most polluted weeks of the season. The arrival of an ash plume, even at high altitude, raises two concerns:

1. Possible downward mixing

If atmospheric instability or temperature inversion pushes particles lower, the ash could add to PM2.5 levels.

2. Already strained air

Pollution levels were already near severe. Any additional particles could push the region into hazardous territory.

While IMD currently predicts minimal impact, experts caution that volcanic ash is chemically and physically different from local pollution. Even a small concentration at the surface level could irritate sensitive individuals.

Should people in Indian cities take precautions?

For now, meteorologists say no special precautions are necessary for the general public.

However, people with respiratory illnesses such as asthma, COPD, or severe allergies may consider:

• Avoiding outdoor exercise
• Monitoring AQI every few hours
• Keeping indoor air purifiers running
• Using N95 masks during high pollution hours

Since the region is already experiencing poor air, such precautions remain useful regardless of volcanic activity.

TL;DR

A massive ash plume from Ethiopia’s Hayli Gubbi volcano is expected to drift over Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi-NCR, and Punjab on Monday night. While the ash is at high altitudes—too high to affect people on the ground directly—it poses a serious hazard to aircraft, prompting rerouted and canceled flights. IMD predicts only slight temperature changes and no major ground-level air quality impact, though Delhi’s already-poor air quality may worsen slightly if any particles descend. Tuesday could see significant aviation disruptions as authorities monitor the plume’s movement.